On a more positive note, if you need to work with the Swing Text APIs in any detail,would like to do something with text that you currently can’t or for some reason are implementing a text API, take a look at this overview and the articles here (the text articles are towards the bottom). Some of the docs seem to be fairly old but the basic features of the API really haven’t changed all that much and it’s far more important to understand the design than the specific methods that are available anyway. Once you understand the design, you’ll know where to look for the methods.

I’m getting really tired of the amount of bigotry in regards to programming languages. First let me admit that I’m certainly guilty of technology bigotry – I’m definitely biased towards Mac OS and Java to name a couple of things, but I’m at least aware of it and willing to admit it. Furthermore I can provide reasonable explanations as to why I like them if not actually explain in every situation why I favor them (read: at times I’m just being bigoted about it). When it comes to programming languages and in fact most things in technology, there are few things that are not the best choice in at least some situation – even if it is only one incredibly specific situation. This is even more true when you only take into account the things that are widely used. Lately Java has been coping it (more than usual) with people actually booing at demonstrations that used Java and a lot of fairly immature comments being made. Lets take the view point that Java is a pathetically hopeless, good for nothing language. Everything about it sucks, the people who use it are obviously idiots and it’s too slow to do anything useful with. Obviously the company I work for made a massive mistake implementing their product in Java and at long last we’ve realized it and want to reimplement it in a good language (we’ll probably have to fire all those stupid java developers too but one step at a time). Lets look at the (highly informal) requirements for these products:

I ranted earlier about dependencies and the way Java programmers are always pining for the latest and greatest. The comment by Stephen Thorne to the article deserves being published with the same level of visibility as the original post so I quote it below. It also deserves some rebuttal which is also below.

I’ve been saying this for years, and yet I still run into rabid pro-java programmers who managed to rattle off a list of reasons why java is the bestest programming language in the world include “good library support” to which my response is “hold on, slow down, good library support? let me tell you a story…” and I recite any one of a dozen anecdotes about dependancy hell in java. The only java project I’ve seen that manages to avoid this without extreme pain is kowari, which takes the slant “We’ll distribute the ENTIRE DAMNED THING as a .jar, libraries included, just make sure you have a recent enough JVM.” They don’t have the windowing troubles because its a database. ;) The first thing I want to correct is the implication that java doesn’t have good library support – it absolutely does. Look around at the huge range of libraries available for Java and particularly look at the fantastic standard library that comes with it. Plenty of top quality libraries for pretty much every moderately common task. There is however a separate issue of dependency management. Problematic dependency management (aka dll hell) is caused by two things:

Greg Black comments on the IBM donation of code to the ASF (at least I think that’s what he meant). Ken Coar has already provided the explations. For the record Greg, your site just gives me “access denied” so I can only read your blog via Planet Humbug and can’t leave this as a comment.

James Strachan puts forward a proposal that Sun opensource the standard Java libraries and I see no problems with it. In general I don’t think we’ll see all the benefits James predicts from it though we would see some. In particular I want to point out one benefit that James claims we’ll get but that we definitely won’t get:

more eyeballs are now looking closely at the code This is the biggest advantage opensource proponents put forward for opensourcing any code but it just doesn’t apply to Java. Why not? The source code to the standard Java libraries are included with every copy of the JRE. You can already go and inspect the source code, find bugs and submit patches to Sun. The fact is, most people can’t be bothered. They have real work to do and don’t want to be wasting time analyzing the source code for the library their using, they just want it to work. When it doesn’t work then people tend to turn to the source and people are already doing that. I also don’t believe that people really want to write Java code that can run on the .Net platform. Java has always suffered from people feeling that it was second rate due to it’s cross platform nature. This is true to some extent, when writing any cross platform code you inherently make it harder to use the platforms native resources due to the extra layer of abstraction. Why would you use the .Net platform when all of the extra functionality it would provide (like tie-ins to word, infopath etc) wouldn’t be available from Java (because they’re not cross-platform). You’d have to use JNI or similar to call “native” .Net code and so you have to learn C#, the .Net libraries and their toolsets etc. Also, opensource developers who are refusing to use Java now will refuse to use Java then. Read some of the blogs coming out of OSCON at java.net and you’ll realize that the majority of the opensource world is just unreasonably bigoted against Java. That’s okay though, I’ve grown to really dislike the GPL anyway.

This article entitled “Great Hackers” really pissed me off. It is just so far off-base that it’s annoying. It’s not the kind of article that is generally wrong on facts, but just wrong on intentions and the concepts of what’s good and what’s bad. There are a few really, really stupid and outright wrong statements in it though. The worst of these is:

The programmers you’ll be able to hire to work on a Java project won’t be as smart as the ones you could get to work on a project written in Python. That statement referenced a footnote as well which I thought might point to some scientific survey of Java programmers vs Python programmers so that the statement at least had some backing. Sadly, the footnote was:

I’ve never understood Java programmers attitudes to dependencies. The Java runtime and libraries was designed specifically to allow cross-platform deployment and increase compatibility. Write once, run anywhere. What confuses me then is this obsession Java developers seem to have with being incompatible or rather, using the absolute bleeding-edge, never released, not available anywhere version of stuff – particularly the JRE. Now certainly Java is unusual in that it is rapidly developing. Not only that but the language, the runtime and the libraries are all tied in together so if you want to live on the bleeding edge with one you have to live on the bleeding edge with them all. Contrast this with the C world where the language is effectively static, the standard library is minimal and evolving relatively slowly and the “runtime” (I’m thinking of the ABI) is fairly static (if platform specific). It’s not often that C programmers have to make a decision to update to the latest version and it rarely impacts deployability if they do. Most of the time if a C program requires a specific version of a library it just statically compiles it. In the Java world however, people are always pining for the latest enhancements. Suddenly generics are a huge deal when everyone’s been getting by without them just fine for years. Suddenly it’s too much effort to work around bugs in the libraries and it’s better to just force users to upgrade. Frankly, that’s simply not good enough. If I develop an application for Windows, I have to decide which versions of Windows I’ll support. I could use APIs that are new to Windows XP and thus tie my application specifically to it, or I could not use those APIs and let any Windows version run it. Better yet, I could design my system in such a way that I can optionally use those APIs if they’re available and fail gracefully otherwise. C programmers are really good at this, most likely because they’ve spent so much time trying to write C code that’s cross platform (it’s possible, but you have to be good at doing this kind of thing). Unlike C, Java actually makes it easy to optionally use APIs because everything is dynamically bound. Consider the class:

I’ve been following the JDNC project recently and along the way mentioned that it might be nice to combine the authorization dialogs for WebStart applications that have multiple jars signed by different certs into a single dialog to make it more user friendly. Mark Davidson who seems to work at Sun (I assume on the Swing team) promptly responded that he’d spoken to a WebStart engineer about it, logged an RFE for me and said the WebStart guy was going to talk to the security guys about it during the week. That’s of course no guarantee that it will actually be implemented anytime soon (or any time at all) but it’s nice to at least know that the message got through. Particularly impressive is the fact that I wasn’t even trying to get a message through, just spouting ideas off the top of my head. It’s generally been very good to see the Sun engineers working to involve the community on JDNC, I had initially thought that JDNC would be a “token” opensource project where Sun employees still control everything but make the source code available. I’m very glad to say that I was wrong about that, there is definitely a strong effort being made to get people involved and already a number of knowledgeable folks from outside are getting involved and providing some very good advice.

The story so far:

1. Preston Gralla commented
2. I commented
3. Brian McCallister commented
4. I commented again
5. Brian McCallister commented again At least I think that’s how it went. Firstly, Brian was right to call me on my use of cygwin to bring UNIX capabilities to Windows. It’s not in the default install, it’s not at all obvious and 99% of Windows users will never even hear about it. As Brian says, “if you don’t use it, you don’t learn it”. So if we conceed that the command line is a killer attraction then Linux has it’s big advantage over windows. That’s where I think Brian and I may disagree. First let me start by saying that the command line is great, it’s an incredibly powerful tool with a lot of really great advantages. It does however require a lot of learning and it’s not once off learning either. The command line requires you to constantly learn – every new task requires research to find out what command does what you want. Then you have to constantly remember all these different commands so that you can use them when you need them. Nothing is obvious, nothing is intuitive. Everything is powerful.

This is a paradigm thing — the drive to ubiquitize computers required them to have an interface comparable to that of a toaster. Now that they are ubiquitous, lets bring back the idea of a powerful interface. Please. I agree that we need to make user interfaces more powerful and let people do more with their computers but don’t throw the baby out with the bath water. People are no more capable of learning interfaces today as they were 15 years ago. The ubiquity of the GUI does not make it easier for people to learn the command line, in fact it makes it harder due to the unlearning required. Having a command line available with powerful tools is great for advanced users that want to get into that but its still not an option for the vast majority of computer users because they will never get enough benefit out of it to justify the learning cost. Furthermore, the learning cost will be excessively high for casual users because they will continually forget the commands that are available to them. So how do we reconcile the two goals – having a simple interface and providing full power to advanced users. Most people will suggest creating two interfaces, one for novices and one for advanced users (the novice interface is usually called a “wizard”). This is outright bad user interface design. Jef Raskin provides the best argument I’ve seen on why this is bad user interface in The Humane Interface but sadly I don’t have a copy at hand to give an exact reference. Essentially though the argument is that instead of users having to learn one interface, they must now learn two to be able to use the software. When they first start using the program they are a novice and learn to use the wizard interface. Then they become more familiar with the program and consider themselves advanced so they switch to the advanced interface. Unfortunately once they change the interface they are no longer advanced users – they are completely new to the interface and are in fact beginners. All the learning they did with the beginner interface is worthless and they have to start from scratch with the advanced interface. Worse still, the advanced interface will almost certainly have been designed with “these are advanced users in mind, they’ll work it out” in mind and is thus much more difficult to learn that it should be. The other big problem with having two interface modes is the amount of extra developer time that is required to achieve it. That time could have been better spent making the advanced interface easier to learn. How does this relate to the GUI vs Command line debate? Firstly it shows a weakness in interfaces like Linux where you can do a lot with the GUI but quite often have to switch to the command line, as well as a weakness with Windows where you can do a lot with the command line but often have to switch to the GUI. It’s also a weakness with OS X both ways (some things are GUI only, some things are command line only). More importantly though it explains why we can’t expect people to learn a command line interface now any more than we could when computers first got started. So how do we make things more powerful while keeping the baby firmly in the bathtub? The first thing I’d point to is AppleScript which is an awesomely cool way to bring some of the power of the command line to the GUI. The ability to pipe one program into another is realized through AppleScript and in fact extended much beyond what the command line pipes can do. AppleScript is shell scripting for the GUI. AppleScript however is difficult to learn and the language is awful but these are implementation details – the idea itself is still sound. The biggest problem with the AppleScript concept though is that you effectively always have to write a shell script which involves firing up the script editor. Too slow. What if we mixed the concept of the GUI and the command line together though? Most of the time you’re in the GUI just like normal because it’s easy to use and for the most common computing tasks it’s the most efficient way to do things (how many sighted people surf the web exclusively from lynx?). When you need the power of the command line though you hit a key combination and a command line pops up to allow you to write AppleScript snippets (though in a more intuitive language that AppleScript). Oddly enough, HyperCard contains pretty much this exact interface. If you hit Apple-M in a HyperCard stack, the message box pops up and you can enter any command you like to control that stack, another stack or even execute an AppleScript. One key thing here though is that it’s not a terminal window that pops up, it’s a floating window that by default operates on the current application. So if I’m in Microsoft Word typing away and I think to myself: “I need to insert all the jpg images of my charts into this appendix” today I would have to click “Insert->Image…->From File…->chart.gif” however many times but with the built in command prompt I’d just hit the magical key combination to bring it up and then “insert /Users/aj/Documents/charts/*.gif” and let Word do the rest. Note that insert would be an AppleScript command defined by Word and tab completion is a necessity. Similarly, if I wanted to attach a zip archive of a particular folder to an email, I’d bring up the command prompt with a keystroke and enter something like “attach `zip /Users/aj/Documents/emailDocs`” or better “zip /Users/aj/Documents/emailDocs and attach it” which is much more HyperCard like. That scheme combines the power of command lines with the power and simplicity of GUIs. Coming back to Brian’s comments though:

Brian McCallister comments on my earlier comments on Preston Gralla’s comments on Linux on the desktop. By and large I agree with Brian, the UNIX command line is a sensationally powerful thing which provides awesome flexibility and power for those who wish to learn it. The downside is it’s awful trying to learn it. I spend a lot of time at a bash command line and I still couldn’t tell you off the top of my head what Brian’s examples do. They’re simple and straight forward to him because he uses those tools every day, I don’t so they’re very foreign and require learning (I use different command line programs). GUIs have a major learnability advantage because the options are (or should be) visible to the user. More importantly though, in the context of Linux on the desktop the power of the command line disappears to a very large degree. OS X is a very good example of this because it is UNIX on the desktop and you find that most people don’t use the command line very much if at all. Mostly that’s because they can’t be bothered learning it and because they typically don’t have a need for the power it provides. The key point though and it was the main point of my arguments is summed up so well with Brian’s comment:

Coolness. I’m definitely going to have to take some time and learn about JOGL at some point. I was amazed at how smooth the graphics were, not to mention the seamless, click-a-link installation – even on my Mac.

Preston Gralla’s comments on how Linux didn’t impress him too much really got me thinking. Preston didn’t bash Linux or try to argue that Linux was inferior to Windows – he just pointed out that he can already do everything he wanted to on Windows and didn’t have any problems with it, so why change? That’s Linux’s big problem. It’s biggest feature has always been stability and security. In other words, it’s biggest feature is that it doesn’t have Windows bugs. There’s a curse on depending on being better than your competitors by having fewer bugs though – eventually your competitor fixes their bugs. Lets assume for a moment that Linux is perfect software, it has no bugs, no security flaws, never has and never will. This is clearly not the case but lets work with the best case scenario for Linux. Windows starts out as barely usable because of all the bugs in it. There’s barely a single piece of functionality that isn’t affected by bugs and users constantly have to keep in mind how to work around bugs while they use the system. Again this has never been the case but it is the best case scenario for anyone competing with Windows. Now, what happens when the next version of Linux comes out? It has no bugs. Great! What happens when the next release of Windows comes out? It has fewer bugs. Most applications become more stable as they mature even if they add more features at the same time because in each release you typically add a few features (which are probably buggy) and fix a bunch of bugs in existing features. Windows certainly has become more stable over time, though there was that ME release which might have been a step backwards… So here’s the curse of Linux: even in the best of worlds, Linux’s biggest feature is eroding out from underneath it and will continue to do so until it is negligible. You simply can’t survive forever on a product that is better because it has fewer bugs – the competition will always catch up. You have to add features to differentiate yourself and they have to be innovative – really, truly, oh-my-gosh-that’s-awsome, I-never-would-have-thought-of-that innovative. Linux doesn’t have that kind of innovation from anything I’ve seen. Linux was created as a clone of UNIX and a Linux command line still looks and acts pretty much like every other UNIX out there. It has the same basic set of commands, similar programming APIs etc. Fortunately, desktop users don’t care about any of that. Unfortunately, Linux’s desktop environment doesn’t show any real innovation either. If I were to describe my Windows desktop when it first boots up I’d say something like: